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Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in large western European countries. In 1333–1334, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire, was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses.
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Another founder, Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, devised a series of regulations for college life Merton College thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford, as well as at the University of Cambridge. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots Balliol College bears his name. At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. In addition, members of many religious orders, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence and maintained houses or halls for students. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two ' nations', representing the North ( northerners or Boreales, who included the English people from north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South ( southerners or Australes, who included English people from south of the Trent, the Irish and the Welsh). Īerial view of Merton College's Mob Quad, the oldest quadrangle of the university, constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378 Oxford is the home of numerous scholarships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest international graduate scholarship programmes. As of October 2020, 72 Nobel Prize laureates, 3 Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award winners have studied, worked, or held visiting fellowships at the University of Oxford, while its alumni have won 160 Olympic medals. Oxford has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including 28 prime ministers of the United Kingdom and many heads of state and government around the world. In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2019, the university had a total income of £2.45 billion, of which £624.8 million was from research grants and contracts. Oxford operates the world's oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system nationwide. Postgraduate teaching is provided predominantly centrally. Undergraduate teaching at Oxford consists of lectures, small-group tutorials at the colleges and halls, seminars, laboratory work and occasionally further tutorials provided by the central university faculties and departments. It does not have a main campus, and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. The university is made up of thirty-nine semi-autonomous constituent colleges, six permanent private halls, and a range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions. Oxford is ranked among the most prestigious universities in the world. The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation.
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England.